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Vocabulary for Makkar reading 1 test 14

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nutrition
the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health:
the process of taking in and using food, or the scientific study of this:
the process by which the body takes in and uses food, esp. food that it needs to stay healthy, or the scientific study of this process

mystery
something strange or not known that has not yet been explained or understood:
a book, film, or play, especially about a crime or a murder, with a surprise ending that explains all the strange events that have happened:

traces
to find someone or something that was lost:
to discover the causes or origins of something by examining the way in which it has developed:
a very slight amount:

erosion
the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind:
the fact of a good quality or situation being gradually lost or destroyed:
the weakening or damage done to something by a series of gradual losses of parts of it:
Erosion of a natural feature or physical object is damage caused by the effect of weather:

extract
to remove or take out something:
to make someone give you something when they do not want to:
a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine:
a particular part of a book, poem, etc. that is chosen so that it can be used in a discussion, article, etc.:

confine
to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way:
to keep someone closed in a place, often by force:
to keep someone or something within limits:

considerable
large or of noticeable importance:
very large or much:

significant
important or noticeable:
important, large, or great, esp. in leading to a different result or to an important change:

facilitate
to make something possible or easier:
to help people deal with a process or reach an agreement or solution without getting directly involved in the process, discussion, etc. yourself:

precise
exact and accurate:
very careful and accurate, especially about small details:
exact and accurate in form, time, detail, or description:

exception
someone or something that is not included in a rule, group, or list or that does not behave in the expected way:
something that is not included, or the action of not including something:
a problem or special condition that stops a computer program from processing information in the normal way:

habitat
the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives:

specimen
something shown or examined as an example; a typical example:
used to refer to something that is an example of a particular thing :

expose
to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen:
to put someone at risk from something harmful or unpleasant:
to make public something bad or dishonest:
a public report of the facts about a situation, especially one that is shocking or has been kept secret:

immerse
to put something or someone completely under the surface of a liquid:
to involve someone completely in an activity:

propagate
to spread opinions, lies, or beliefs among a lot of people:
to send out or spread light or sound waves, movement, etc., or to be sent out or spread:

buoyancy
the quality of being able to float:
the quality of being successful or able to make a profit:
a happy, positive quality, especially in spite of problems:

distinct
clearly noticeable; that certainly exists:
clearly separate and different (from something else):
not to be ignored; real and present:

optimism
the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen:
the feeling that good things are more likely to happen than bad things:

template
a pattern made of metal, plastic, or paper, used for making many copies of a shape or to help cut material accurately
something that is used as a pattern for producing other similar things:
a system that helps you arrange information on a computer screen:

resilience
the ability to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened:
the ability of a substance to return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed:

plummet
to fall very quickly and suddenly:
to go down in amount or value very quickly and suddenly:

distress
a feeling of extreme worry, sadness, or pain:
a situation in which you are suffering or are in great danger and therefore in urgent need of help:
to make someone feel very upset or worried:

staunch
always loyal in supporting a person, organization, or set of beliefs or opinions:
to stop something happening, or to stop liquid, especially blood, from flowing out:

encounter
a meeting, especially one that happens by chance:
an occasion when two teams play against each other:

paradox
a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics:

setbacks
something that happens that delays or prevents a process from developing:

millennium
a period of 1,000 years, or the time when a period of 1,000 years ends:

disposal
the act of getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away:
at someone’s disposal: available to be used by someone

robust
(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail:
strong and unlikely to break or fail:

immune
protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood:
not affected or upset by a particular type of behaviour or emotion:

preliminary
coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it:
an event or action that introduces or prepares for something else:

outlook
the likely future situation:
a person’s way of understanding and thinking about something:

insulate
to cover and surround something with a material or substance in order to stop heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering:
to protect someone or something from harmful experiences or influences:

apt
suitable or right for a particular situation:
having a natural ability or skill:

tycoon
a person who has succeeded in business or industry and has become very rich and powerful:

flexible
able to change or be changed easily according to the situation:

humour
the ability to find things funny, the way in which people see that some things are funny, or the quality of being funny:

bully
someone who hurts or frightens someone else, often over a period of time, and often forcing them to do something that they do not want to do:

adversity
a difficult or unlucky situation or event:

reinforce
to make something stronger:
If something reinforces an idea or opinion, it provides more proof or support for it and makes it seem true:
to provide an army with more soldiers or weapons to make it stronger:

boost
to increase or improve something:

pessimist
a person who thinks that bad things are more likely to happen or who emphasizes the bad part of a situation:

thick skinned
Someone who is thick-skinned does not appear to be easily hurt by criticism:

drift
to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction:

evolution
the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years:
a gradual process of change and development:

equivalent
having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc.:

uproot
to pull a plant including its roots out of the ground:
to remove a person from their home or usual environment:

indigenous
used to refer to, or relating to, the people who originally lived in a place, rather than people who moved there from somewhere else :
not foreign or from outside an area:

detonate
to (cause something to) explode:

indispensable
Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him, or her:

accustomed
familiar with something:

adapt
to change, or to change something, to suit different conditions or uses:
to change your ideas or behaviour to make them suitable for a new situation:
If a living thing adapts, it changes slightly over time so it can continue to exist in a particular environment:

invasion
an occasion when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country:
an occasion when a large number of people or things come to a place in an annoying and unwanted way:

triumph
a very great success, achievement, or victory (= when you win a war, fight, or competition), or a feeling of great satisfaction or pleasure caused by this:
to have a very great success or victory:

brutal
cruel, violent, and completely without feelings:
not considering someone’s feelings:

domesticated
(of animals or plants) brought under human control in order to provide food, power, or company:
able or willing to do cleaning, cooking, and other jobs in the home, and to take care of children:

fences
a structure that divides two areas of land, similar to a wall but made of wood or wire and supported with posts

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